WORKSAFE PHYSIOTHERAPY

Primary duty of care

                (1) A person conducting a business or undertaking must ensure, so far as is reasonably practicable, the health and safety of:

                               (a) workers engaged, or caused to be engaged by the person; and

                            (b) workers whose activities in carrying out work are influenced or directed by the person, while the workers are at work in the business or undertaking.

                - Model Work Health and Safety Bill, 2025, Division 2, Section 19 (pp-17).

In Australia, physiotherapy is an Allied Health Profession, alongside other Allied Health Professions like Occupational Therapy, Speech Pathology, and Dietetics. Allied Health Professions are distinct from Medical Professions such as Medicine, Nursing, Surgery, and so on. The broad difference is that Medical Professionals orchestrate primary points of contact for healthcare as well as management of examinations, prescriptions, or surgeries. Allied Health Professionals often work with people after a medical diagnosis to support rehabilitation and recovery which may focus on regaining mobility, managing the chronic or ongoing symptoms and outcomes of an injury or illness, or returning to activities like work, sport, and life. These definitions are extremely broad and are not to be taken as absolute - there are significant overlaps between diagnoses, where both doctors and physiotherapists may examine patients, referrals, where Occupational Therapists and Physiotherapists may work with each other, and so on. The co-operation of Medical and Allied Health acts as a crucial bridge between medical diagnosis and functional recovery, offering personalised and supportive care that stands on its own as a primary point of access.

Like doctors, Physiotherapists in Australia are primary contact clinicians. That means that you do not need a referral from a GP to see a physiotherapist. The result of this is that people can have their problems attended to more expediently, can get better faster, and do not need to attend a GP to get things started. Primary contact physiotherapy is especially valuable where prompt and targeted intervention can prevent minor injuries from escalating. However, if a person is accessing Physiotherapy under a compensable scheme like Medicare or WorkSafe, they must see a GP first before starting Physiotherapy, and they may need a referral. This is to ensure coordination of services under Medicare scheduling such as that needed by Item 10960 (Australian Government, 2025), or ensuring a GP is engaged in review for services like WorkSafe (WorkSafe Victoria, 2024a). However, once that consultation is done, Physiotherapists can provide services under the schedules like WorkSafe. Medicare and WorkSafe have schedules of fees that specify the maximum amount of money those schemes will contribute to the price of appointments. If your clinic charges more than those fees, you may need to pay a gap. You will not have any out-of-pocket expenses if you attend WorkSafe Physiotherapy at Atlas Physio. That is because the design, implementation, and action of the scheme is to get people back to work, and money should never get in the way of health and wellbeing. This No-Gap WorkSafe Physiotherapy access ensures that injured workers can receive one‑on‑one, individualised treatments without financial barriers, supporting fast recovery and sustained engagement in rehabilitation.

In Australia, businesses are responsible for protecting the health and safety of people at work. This is declared specifically in Section 19 of the Model Work Health and Safety Bill (Safe Work Australia, 2025b) and supported by information in the Model Work Health and Safety Regulations (Safe Work Australia, 2025c). These documents articulate the specific and further specified responsibilities of Persons Conducting Business Undertakings, which is the term used to refer to people running a business, which is defined by the Australian Tax Office as  a set of continuous and repeated activities undertaken for the purpose of generating a profit (Australian Tax Office, 2026), and by the modern author as ritualised thievery (Steinbeck, 1939). The Work Health and Safety Bill does not only apply this duty of care to employed workers, it also extends to contractors, sub-contractors, employees of labour hires, apprentices, work experience students, and volunteers. The idea is to protect anyone who is carrying out work in any capacity for a PCBU, by imposing a blanket duty on that PCBU to protect workers engaged by or caused to be engaged by their activities.

Peoples’ health and comfort can be adversely affected by their employment in a diverse number of ways. In the most recent reporting period, musculoskeletal injuries and traumatic joint, ligament, muscle and tendon injuries totalled more than seventy-thousand of the serious claims made at work, and the most typical mechanisms of injuries were body stressing and falls slips and trips (Safe Work Australia, 2025a). Peoples’ health can be affected over time, such as by sustained doses of vibration (Eger et al., 2014), strain that builds up over time (Barr & Barbe, 2002), or even by the environment (Australian Safety and Compensation Council, 2005). These injury patterns demonstrate why prompt and personalised physiotherapy intervention is vital for workers seeking fast recovery and a safe return to duties. When someone’s health is affected by work, they may become eligible for support through schemes like WorkSafe (WorkSafe Victoria, 2024b) to assist them with compensation for time spent recovering and not working, by providing reimbursement for medical services, and for assisting them in getting back to work. There are many reasons why it’s a good idea that these systems are in place. From a practical perspective, removing the barriers to engaging with rehabilitation helps workers return to work more quickly (Franche et al., 2005) and decreases the likelihood that workers will withdraw from working populations, supporting their health and wellbeing (WorkSafe Victoria, 2022a). From a moral perspective, work is the primary activity that people will undertake in the duration of their lives aside from sleeping (Navarro-Abal et al., 2018), and the means by which they provide for themselves, their families, and their communities. Workers have little control over the systems of work and consequently the risks to which they are exposed (Kompier, 2006) and while giving workers more control over their work may improve their health and wellbeing somewhat (Karasek, 2006), and so a failure to protect workers’ health is generally regarded as a failure of the system of work to control the risk to which workers are exposed (Safe Work Australia, 2024a; WorkSafe Victoria, 2022b). From a financial perspective, returning workers to work decreases the strain imposed by non-working and injured adults on social and national systems of welfare. This makes WorkSafe, Medicare, and TAC Physiotherapy not only clinical services but community‑level investments in wellbeing, productivity, and sustainable workforce participation.

Of course, the best thing is for workers to go without being injured at all, but that is not always possible in environments which are dynamic and risky like construction, where powered tools and appliances are used like forestry and agriculture, where workers must interact with unstable loads and unstable people like in healthcare, and where the work is static or monotonous or repetitive or routine or regimented or regular or stereotyped or analogous or piece-defined or pick-work and so on and so forth. See what I mean? In these varied and unpredictable environments, targeted and individualised treatments delivered by physiotherapists become essential safeguards that help workers maintain resilience and functional capacity.

Physiotherapy rehab for work injuries, such as that provided by WorkSafe Physiotherapy is one of the most effective means of managing discomfort (Prall & Ross, 2019), improving and supporting worker’s capacity (World Health Organisation, 2002), and returning them to work expediently and successfully (Donovan et al., 2021; McAulay et al., 2023; Monash University Department of Physiotherapy, 2015). WorkSafe Physiotherapy is uniquely positioned to help in this regard, where WorkSafe can fund physiotherapy services to assist people to effectively recover from workplace injuries and safely return to work and life, paying for the reasonable costs of physiotherapy services a person needs as a result of a work-related injury or illness under Victorian workers compensation legislation (WorkSafe Victoria, 2025c). Online, the WorkSafe Physiotherapy Service Fees give an indication of what kind of management a person may be entitled to receive, such as clinical consultation, hydrotherapy, and participation in case conferences (WorkSafe Victoria, 2025b). However, while the schedule of fees for WorkSafe Physiotherapy shows the basic services available, there is much more to WorkSafe Physiotherapy than meets the eye, and more ways in which it can assist a person in getting back to work than simple merely managing their pain or improving their strength.

Rehabilitation

Rehabilitation is any process or service designed to bring someone or something from the position where they are to the position where they should be. It is a person-centred process, with treatment tailored to the individual patient’s needs and, importantly, personalized monitoring of changes associated with intervention, with further changes in goals and actions if needed (Wade, 2020). Rehabilitation works best when it is delivered as supportive, one‑on‑one care that adapts to the individual rather than forcing the individual to adapt to the system. In Physiotherapy, rehabilitation refers to and includes things like exercise prescription, massage, supervised or designed gym programs, hydrotherapy, and other modalities (Bassett, 2003). However, to restrict this definition to simple exercise is to remove complexity and depth. Rehabilitation undertaken under WorkSafe Physiotherapy can support not only the return to normal function of injured workers but their successful and sustainable return to work, the nature of which may impose dynamic demands on a worker’s body (McLennan & Ludvik, 2020). Work tasks are diverse between and within jobs, and while the existing means to certify the capacity of a worker provide some opportunity to account for this(WorkSafe Victoria, 2024a), the process falls down where work is novel like in an ice-skating instructor, where the work is high-powered such as in welding or shotcreting, or where the work cannot be controlled to basic tasks such as in dog grooming. These are all WorkSafe Physiotherapy presentations we have managed at Atlas Physio, and they are certainly not the most unique. his diversity of presentations demonstrates why personalised and targeted rehabilitation is essential, because no two workers, workplaces, or injuries are ever truly the same. WorkSafe Physiotherapy rehabilitation is an opportunity to interrogate and account for the various ergonomic, organisational, and environmental hazards to which a worker is exposed and develop internal as well as apply external controls to best minimise the pathogenic effects of those exposures individually and in combination in the moment as well as over time. In practice, this means that WorkSafe Physiotherapy must not only address symptoms but also strengthen a worker’s capacity to meet the specific demands of their job. Rehabilitation can therefore be the process of taking a worker from their injured presentation and providing them with the guidance and means to develop resources needed to meet the demands of work – the use of the word resource is specifically chosen as, following the World Health Organisation’s definition of health as “… a resource for everyday life…” with which a person may “… realise aspirations, satisfy needs, and to change or cope with the environment” (World Health Organisation, 1986). If Health is a resource that is used, then improving the health of the worker through rehabilitation and ablement processes such as work-hardening (Braveman & Page, 2011) increases the resources that worker has to meet the demands of their work as well as potentially exchange for more rewards. To do that, however, the worker needs to return to work to put it to the test.

Return to Work

Return to Work is the process by which an injured worker is not only brought back to a level of physical functioning that allows them to safely participate in work, but the process through which a worker’s duties of work, attendance at work, and sustainability are gradually increased to the point where they are working at the level at which they were performing prior to their injury with a view to sustainably continue in work without oversight or ongoing rehabilitation (WorkSafe Victoria, 2023). Return to Work engagement as part of WorkSafe Physiotherapy succeeds when the process is personalised, supportive, and grounded in one‑on‑one guidance that helps the worker rebuild confidence as well as capacity. To this end, workers may engage an Occupational Health or Rehabilitation Provider, who is a return to work expert specifically assigned to a worker to help them manage the challenging moments of returning to work. WorkSafe Physiotherapy allows physiotherapists and injured workers to work in collaboration with Occupational Rehabilitation Providers to ensure comprehensive appraisal of and proactive engagement with challenges that might arise in the return to work process. This collaborative model is especially effective where targeted No-Gap WorkSafe Physiotherapy services help workers navigate complex job demands across diverse industries. I’m going to be a bit mean and point fingers at the APA – the typical tricky return to work case is that of a barber with a shoulder injury, and the worker is recommended to return to work on different duties like answering the phone or helping clean up. The problem with this is that the worker might not be suited to, trained in, or able to do other things based on their capacity and injury. Someone working on a phone needs a different skillset to someone working with razors and someone else sweeping the floors. They are different activities and need to be accounted for and must reflect the real tasks a worker performs, not generic alternatives that fail to match their skills or limitations. WorkSafe Physiotherapy allows workers to use the results of physical assessments and their progression in rehab to advocate for their safe, sustainable, and successful staged placement in work duties to support their return to normal as part of the Return to Work process. Also, given how closely physiotherapists work with their patients, the physiotherapist might be able to involve themselves more deeply in the process by examining the environment, the systems and means of work, and the organisation of tasks to best support ongoing and sustainable recovery. This deeper involvement ensures that return‑to‑work planning is not only clinically sound but also practically aligned with the worker’s real‑world demands, making the process more supportive and more likely to succeed.

Ergonomics

WorkSafe makes the Schedule of Fees for Physiotherapy services accessible on their website for patient and clinician reference (WorkSafe Victoria, 2025b). However, returning to the notion that early physiotherapy under WorkSafe or some other scheme is appropriate to get people back to work, WorkSafe also allows patients to access physiotherapy under the Early Intervention Physiotherapy Framework, or EIPF (WorkSafe Victoria, 2025a). In WorkSafe Victoria’s own words, “The Early Intervention Physiotherapy Framework (EIPF) is a service model that recognises the importance of early treatment in facilitating return to work and return to health outcomes.” Early intervention is most effective when it is delivered through supportive, one‑on‑one sessions that provide prompt and targeted care, ensuring that injured workers receive effective and expedient treatment before problems become chronic. However, while the EIPF allows physiotherapists to conduct rehabilitation and participate in the return to work process as normal, the Framework offers additional capability for Allied Health Practitioners – Physiotherapists specifically. As an EIPF-enrolled provider, Atlas Physio can provide hydrotherapy, group consultations, and return-to-work consultations accessed as normal, but EIPF-enrolled physiotherapists can participate in work and onsite assessments to better appraise and thus manage the meeting of their clients’ capacity and the demands of their job roles. Workplace assessment and reporting on the ergonomic, physical, operational, organisational, and practical risk factors and demands to which a worker must return in order to get back to work provides the client, their doctor, the Occupational Rehabilitation Provider, and other stakeholders with valuable information that supports the successful management of the injured worker. These assessments are powerful tools for preventing reinjury, because they translate clinical insight into practical, job‑specific recommendations. This can be as simple as looking at a photograph of a workspace or as involved as using luxometry and measuring tools to determine the ecosystem of exposures in which a worker is doing their job, and informing the workplace about means of improving safety and wellbeing. Even beyond determining those factors that the worker must address to get back to work, the EIPF can be used as a basis to discuss the appropriate management of risk and promotion of safety in the workplace.

Safety Assessment

Safe Work Australia’s Model Code of Practice for Managing Work Health and Safety Risks (Safe Work Australia, 2024a) references the Primary Duty of Care in instructing PCBUs to protect the health and safety of their workers by assessing, controlling, and otherwise minimising the risks to which workers are exposed using methodological means of risk management such as the Hierarchy of Controls (Safe Work Australia, 2018). Successful and proper application of the Hierarchy of Controls relies on a PCBU’s and workplace’s ability to identify hazards and determine the risks to which workers are exposed as a consequence of the frequency, intensity, and means by which those hazards interact with workers. Safe Work Australia’s Key Work Health and Safety Statistics indicate that the largest number of work-related fatalities occur as a consequence of vehicle incidents and falls from height (Safe Work Australia, 2024b, 2025a), and that the most serious claims are the result of traumatic joint, tendon, ligament and muscle injury, connective tissue diseases, and wounds as well as amputations. These outcomes represent failures of ecosystems of control which have resulted in injury, impairment, and death, whose outcomes are social as well as individual, resulting in increased community disability and threatening the wellbeing of families and individuals’ lives (Deloitte, 2022). Safety Assessments are a core part of any WorkSafe Physiotherapy program or any program addressing Work Health and Safety concerns – ergonomics, safety, and health are increasingly becoming the remit of clinical physiotherapists and consultants owing to the knowledge base with which practising clinicians address the needs of clients with simple and not-so-simple musculoskeletal and other impairments, the infinite diversity of which is made infinitely more diverse as a consequence of the nuance and variance in the number of ways in which jobs can be done. Safety Assessment and planning are the means by which the progress made in rehabilitation can be protected in regular life, for the health, wellbeing, and sustainable participation of workers.

Workplace Wellbeing

The workplace is increasingly regarded as one of the great arenas of health (Donovan et al., 2021; Kleiner et al., 2015; Lu et al., 2025). People spend most of their lives at work and engaged in duties which can affect their immediate and longterm wellbeing as well as have impacts on their social, interpersonal, and psychological health outside of the workplace. Interventions at the workplace, applied through good work design can transform the workplace to benefit the business, workers, clients to protect workers from harm to their health and safety, improve worker health and wellbeing, and improve job satisfaction and performance (Safe Work Australia, n.d.). The Model Work Health and Safety Bill and Regulations establish the minimum criteria to which businesses and organisations should aim to operate in order to protect the health, wellbeing, and lives of their workforce. However, leveraging principles of consultation, engagement, and critical thinking, risk control can evolve into proactive management of the pathogenic outcomes of work. To use an extremely pithy but aesthetically coherent example, it’s like using an episode of back pain as an opportunity to learn how and when to stretch, or using the feeling of breathlessness when climbing stairs as motivation to get the heart and lungs working in some recreational physical activity. WorkSafe Physiotherapy is a state-funded means of managing workers’ injuries and returning them to a level of comfortable function so that they can return to work, but in its comprehensive application the Victorian WorkSafe Physiotherapy and WorkSafe Early Intervention Physiotherapy Framework alongside other State- and National-level insurance schemes have the potential to yield workplace benefits that go further than the clinic or the corner office. Think of it this way – if one person can do back stretches, why can’t their team?

WorkSafe Physiotherapy is a state-supported healthcare intervention conducted by Allied Health Clinicians to restore injured workers to a state where they can participate in their duties of work at or at a proportion of their previous occupational roles, tasks, and distributions. The scheme is comprehensive in its coverage, flexible in its application, and sustainable in its goals. However, with a bit of imagination and creativity in the way things are done, it’s possible to use the clinical framework as a means to holistically support the return to work and real protection of workers on shift and on-site, so everyone comes off the jobsite intact and in safe. Frankly, I think of all the work that people will do in their lives, a safer workplace is something worth working for.

Alex Phillipos

B-Sci, B-HSci, GD-OHS, M-PHTY, M-ESH, M-OHT

Atlas Physio 2 Bruce Street, Preston

Melbourne, VIC, 3072

None of this information constitutes medical, legal, occupational health and safety, best guidance, standard, or other guidance, instruction, or prescription.

No artificial intelligence or assistive intelligence was used in the creation of this work.

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